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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<head><title>LCDCMD</title>
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<body>
<h1 class="code">LCDCMD</h1>
<div class="ImagePlusCaption">
<div class="Col2">
<p>
<img src="../../graphics/pgm_icon2p.gif" border="0" alt="BS2p icon" title="BS2p icon" />
<img src="../../graphics/pgm_icon2pe.gif" border="0" alt="BS2pe icon" title="BS2pe icon" />
<img src="../../graphics/pgm_icon2px.gif" border="0" alt="BS2px icon" title="BS2px icon" />
</p>
</div>
<p style="text-align: right;"><a href="../ExampleTopics/LcdcmdEx.htm" target="" title="" alt="" class="MCXref_0" xrefformat="{paratext}">LCDCMD Example</a>
</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
</div>
<p class="clear">&#160;</p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p class="PlainText">Syntax: <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> <![CDATA[ ]]><i>Pin</i>,<i> Command</i></p>
<h2>Function</h2>
<p class="PlainText">Send a command to an LCD display.
</p>
<ul>
<li value="1"><b><i>Pin</i></b> is a variable/constant/expression (0 - 1 or 8 - 9) that
specifies which I/O pins to use. The LCD requires, at most, seven I/O pins
to operate. The <i>Pin</i> argument serves a double purpose; specifying the
first pin and, indirectly the group of other required pins. See explanation
below. All I/O pins will be set to output mode.</li>
<li value="2"><b><i>Command</i></b> is a variable/constant/expression (0 - 255) indicating
the LCD command to send.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Quick Facts</h2>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tr bgcolor="#CFCFCF">
<td width="275" align="center">&#160;</td>
<td width="1200" align="center">BS2p, BS2pe, and BS2px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Values for <i>Pin</i></td>
<td align="center">0, 1, 8, or 9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">I/O pin arrangement when <i>Pin</i>
is 0 or 1</td>
<td>0 or 1 (depending on <i>Pin</i>) : LCD Enable (E) pin<br></br> 2 : LCD Read/Write (R/W) pin<br></br> 3 : LCD Register Select (RS) pin<br></br> 4 - 7 : LCD Data Bus (DB4 - DB7, respectively) pins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">I/O pin arrangement when <i>Pin</i> is
8 or 9</td>
<td>8 or 9 (depending on <i>Pin</i>) : LCD Enable (E) pin<br></br> 10 : LCD Read/Write (R/W) pin<br></br> 11 : LCD Register Select (RS) pin<br></br> 12 - 15 : LCD Data Bus (DB4 - DB7, respectively) pins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Special Notes</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1">LCDCMD is designed to use the LCD's 4-bit mode only.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Related Commands</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1">
<p colspan="1" align="center"><a href="LCDIN.htm" target="" title="" alt="" class="MCXref_0" xrefformat="{paratext}">LCDIN</a>, <a href="LCDOUT.htm" target="" title="" alt="" class="MCXref_0" xrefformat="{paratext}">LCDOUT</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2>Explanation</h2>
<p class="PlainText">The three LCD commands (<span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span>, <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDIN</span> and <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDOUT</span>) allow the
BS2p, BS2pe, or BS2px to interface directly to standard LCD displays that feature
a Hitachi 44780 controller (part #HD44780A). This includes many 1 x 16, 2 x 16,
and 4 x 20 character LCD displays. </p>
<p class="PlainText">The Hitachi 44780 LCD controller supports a number of special instructions for
initializing the display, moving the cursor, changing the default layout, etc.
The <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> command is used to send one of these instructions to the LCD.
It is most commonly used to initialize the display upon a power-up or reset
condition. Note that <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span>, <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDIN</span> and <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDOUT</span> use a 4-bit
interface to the LCD which requires a specific initialization sequence before
<span class="keyword_in_text">LCDIN</span> and <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDOUT</span> can be used. Specifics on the initialization
sequence will follow.</p>
<p class="PlainText">The following is an example of the <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> command:</p><pre class="BScode" xml:space="preserve">
LCDCMD 1, 24
</pre>
<p class="PlainText">The preceding code will send the Scroll Left command (represented by the number
24) to the LCD whose enable pin is connected to I/O pin 1. This will cause the LCD
display to scroll, or shift, the entire display one character to the left.</p>
<p class="PlainText">You may have noticed that the <i>Pin</i> argument in the example above was 1.
The <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> command actually uses more than just this I/O pin, however.
The <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> command requires seven I/O pins. This is because the standard
LCD displays have a parallel interface, rather than a serial one. The <i>Pin</i>
argument can be the numbers 0, 1, 8, or 9 and will result in the use of the I/O
pins shown above. The figure below shows the required wiring for the above command
to work.</p>
<center>
<img src="../../graphics/lcd_sch.gif" border="0">
</img>
</center>
<p class="PlainText">Note that we could have used 0 for the Pin argument and moved the LCD's Enable
pin (pin 6) to I/O pin 0. Similarly, using 9 for the Pin argument would have
required us to wire the LCD's pins to I/O pins 9 through 15, rather than I/O pins
1 through 7.</p>
<p class="PlainText">When the LCD is first powered-up, it will be in an unknown state and must be
properly configured before sending commands like the one shown above. This process
is known as initializing the LCD and is the first thing your program should do
upon starting up. The following code is a good example of LCD initialization.
(<i>Refer to Hitachi documentation for details</i>).</p><pre class="BScode" xml:space="preserve">
Init_LCD:
PAUSE 1000 ' allow LCD to power-up
LCDCMD 1, 48 ' Send wake-up sequence (3x)
PAUSE 5
LCDCMD 1, 48
PAUSE 1
LCDCMD 1, 48
PAUSE 1
LCDCMD 1, 32 ' Set data bus to 4-bit mode
LCDCMD 1, 40 ' Set 2-line mode with 5x8 font
LCDCMD 1, 8 ' Turn display off
LCDCMD 1, 12 ' Turn display on without cursor
LCDCMD 1, 6 ' Auto-increment cursor
LCDCMD 1, 1 ' Clear the display
</pre>
<p class="PlainText">This initialization code is the most commonly used sequence for a 2 x 16 and
4 x 20 LCD display (the 2-line mode instruction sets the 4 x 20 to 4-line mode).
The <span class="code_in_text">PAUSE 1000</span> command is optional, but only if your program takes more
than approximately 700 ms before it executes the Init_LCD code above. Without
it, upon powering your circuit, the BASIC Stamp may talk to the LCD too early,
the LCD will then miss some of the commands and the display will operate strangely,
or not at all.</p>
<p class="PlainText">Do not change the "wake-up" and "4-bit mode" sequence commands. However, the
commands below the line that says, "Set data bus to 4-bit mode" may be modified
to set other desired modes.</p>
<p class="PlainText">The table below shows the most commonly used LCD commands. Here's an example:</p><pre class="BScode" xml:space="preserve">
LCDCMD 1, 128 + 64
</pre>
<p class="PlainText">The preceding command will move the cursor to the first character position
on the second line (on a 2 x 16 display). 128 is the Move To Display Address
command and 64 is the location number. See the "Character Positioning" section
below, for more information.</p>
<h2>Common LCD Commands</h2>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%">
<tr valign="top" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">
<td width="200" align="center">&#160;</td>
<td width="125" align="center">Command<br></br>(Decimal)</td>
<td align="center">Description</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Do Nothing</td>
<td align="center">0</td>
<td>Don't perform any special function.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Clear Display</td>
<td align="center">1</td>
<td>Move cursor and display to home position.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Home Display</td>
<td align="center">2</td>
<td>Move cursor and display to home position.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Inc Cursor</td>
<td align="center">6</td>
<td>Set cursor direction to right, without a display shift.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Display Off</td>
<td align="center">8</td>
<td>Turn off display (display data is retained).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Display On</td>
<td align="center">12</td>
<td>Turn on display without cursor (display is restored).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Blinking Cursor</td>
<td align="center">13</td>
<td>Turn on display with blinking cursor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Underline Cursor</td>
<td align="center">14</td>
<td>Turn on display with underline cursor.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Cursor Left</td>
<td align="center">16</td>
<td>Move cursor left one character.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Cursor Right</td>
<td align="center">20</td>
<td>Move cursor right one character.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Scroll Left</td>
<td align="center">24</td>
<td>Scroll display left one character.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Scroll Right</td>
<td align="center">28</td>
<td>Scroll display right one character.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Move To CGRAM Address</td>
<td align="center">64 + address</td>
<td>Move pointer to Character Generator RAM location</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Move To DDRAM Address</td>
<td align="center">128 + address</td>
<td>Move cursor to Display Data RAM location</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p class="PlainText">While most users will only need the commands shown above, the table below
details all of the instructions supported by the LCD (for advanced users). Many
instructions are multipurpose, depending on the state of special bits. Clever
manipulation of the instruction bits will allow for powerful control of the LCD.</p>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1" width="100%">
<tr valign="top" align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">
<td width="200" rowspan="2">&#160;</td>
<td width="200" colspan="8" align="center">Command Code (bits)</td>
<td rowspan="2">Description</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">
<td width="25" align="center">7</td>
<td width="25" align="center">6</td>
<td width="25" align="center">5</td>
<td width="25" align="center">4</td>
<td width="25" align="center">3</td>
<td width="25" align="center">2</td>
<td width="25" align="center">1</td>
<td width="25" align="center">0</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Clear Display</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td align="left">Clear entire display and move cursor home (address 0)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Home Display</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td align="left">Move cursor home and return display to home position.</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Entry Mode</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>S</td>
<td align="left">Sets cursor direction (M: 0=left, 1=right) and display scrolling
(S: 0=no scroll, 1=scroll)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Display/Cursor</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>U</td>
<td>B</td>
<td align="left">Sets display on/off (D), underline cursor (U) and blinking
block cursor (B). (0=off, 1=on)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Scroll Display / Shift Cursor</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td align="left">Shifts display or cursor (C: 0=cursor, 1=display) left or
right (M: 0=left, 1=right).</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Function Set</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>B</td>
<td>L</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td align="left">Sets bus size (B: 0=4-bits, 1=8-bits), number of lines
(L: 0=1?line, 1=2-lines) and font size (F: 0=5x8, 1=5x10)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Move To CGRAM Address</td>
<td>O</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td align="left">Move pointer to Character Generator RAM location specified
by address (A)</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center" valign="top">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Move To DDRAM Address</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>A</td>
<td align="left">Move cursor to Display Data RAM location specified by
address (A)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p class="PlainText">The last command shown above (Move To DDRAM Address) is used to move the cursor
to a specific position on the LCD. The LCD's DDRAM (Display Data RAM) is a fixed
size with unique position number for each character cell. The viewable portion
of the DDRAM depends on the LCD's logical view position (which can be altered with
the Scroll Display command). The default view position is called the Home position;
it means that the display's upper left character corresponds to DDRAM location 0.
The diagrams below indicates the position numbers for characters on the LCD screen.</p>
<p class="PlainText">Note that the diagram shows the most common DDRAM mapping, though some LCD's
may have organized the DDRAM differently. A little experimentation with your LCD
may reveal this.</p>
<h3>2 x 16 Display</h3>
<table border="0">
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">
<td bgcolor="white">&#160;</td>
<td nowrap="" colspan="16">On-screen Positions*</td>
<td colspan="3">Off-screen</td>
</tr>
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 1</td>
<td width="25">0</td>
<td width="25">1</td>
<td width="25">2</td>
<td width="25">3</td>
<td width="25">4</td>
<td width="25">5</td>
<td width="25">6</td>
<td width="25">7</td>
<td width="25">8</td>
<td width="25">9</td>
<td width="25">10</td>
<td width="25">11</td>
<td width="25">12</td>
<td width="25">13</td>
<td width="25">14</td>
<td width="25">15</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">16</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">...</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">39</td>
</tr>
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 2</td>
<td width="25">64</td>
<td width="25">65</td>
<td width="25">66</td>
<td width="25">67</td>
<td width="25">68</td>
<td width="25">69</td>
<td width="25">79</td>
<td width="25">71</td>
<td width="25">72</td>
<td width="25">73</td>
<td width="25">74</td>
<td width="25">75</td>
<td width="25">76</td>
<td width="25">77</td>
<td width="25">78</td>
<td width="25">79</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">80</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">...</td>
<td width="25" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">103</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="PlainText">* Assuming the display is in the home position</p>
<h3>4 x 20 Display</h3>
<table border="0">
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 1</td>
<td width="25">0</td>
<td width="25">1</td>
<td width="25">2</td>
<td width="25">3</td>
<td width="25">4</td>
<td width="25">5</td>
<td width="25">6</td>
<td width="25">7</td>
<td width="25">8</td>
<td width="25">9</td>
<td width="25">10</td>
<td width="25">11</td>
<td width="25">12</td>
<td width="25">13</td>
<td width="25">14</td>
<td width="25">15</td>
<td width="25">16</td>
<td width="25">17</td>
<td width="25">18</td>
<td width="25">19</td>
</tr>
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 2</td>
<td width="25">64</td>
<td width="25">65</td>
<td width="25">66</td>
<td width="25">67</td>
<td width="25">68</td>
<td width="25">69</td>
<td width="25">79</td>
<td width="25">71</td>
<td width="25">72</td>
<td width="25">73</td>
<td width="25">74</td>
<td width="25">75</td>
<td width="25">76</td>
<td width="25">77</td>
<td width="25">78</td>
<td width="25">79</td>
<td width="25">80</td>
<td width="25">81</td>
<td width="25">82</td>
<td width="25">83</td>
</tr>
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 3</td>
<td width="25">20</td>
<td width="25">21</td>
<td width="25">22</td>
<td width="25">23</td>
<td width="25">24</td>
<td width="25">25</td>
<td width="25">26</td>
<td width="25">27</td>
<td width="25">28</td>
<td width="25">29</td>
<td width="25">30</td>
<td width="25">31</td>
<td width="25">32</td>
<td width="25">33</td>
<td width="25">34</td>
<td width="25">35</td>
<td width="25">36</td>
<td width="25">37</td>
<td width="25">38</td>
<td width="25">39</td>
</tr>
<tr nowrap="" align="center" bgcolor="#99CC66">
<td nowrap="" width="50" bgcolor="#CFCFCF">Line 4</td>
<td width="25">84</td>
<td width="25">85</td>
<td width="25">86</td>
<td width="25">87</td>
<td width="25">88</td>
<td width="25">89</td>
<td width="25">90</td>
<td width="25">91</td>
<td width="25">92</td>
<td width="25">93</td>
<td width="25">94</td>
<td width="25">95</td>
<td width="25">96</td>
<td width="25">97</td>
<td width="25">98</td>
<td width="25">99</td>
<td width="25">100</td>
<td width="25">101</td>
<td width="25">102</td>
<td width="25">103</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p class="PlainText">On a standard 2 x 16 character display, the following command would move the
cursor to the third column of the second line:</p><pre class="BScode" xml:space="preserve">
LCDCMD 1, 128 + 66
</pre>
<p class="PlainText">The number 128 tells the LCD we wish to move the cursor and 66 is the location
number of the desired position. Similarly, sending just 128 (128 + 0) would move
the cursor to the first character of the first line (the upper left character if
the display is at the home position).</p>
<p class="PlainText">You may have noticed that the 2 x 16 display has many locations that are not
visible; they are to the right of the edge of the screen. These locations (16 -
39 and 80 to 103) become important for scrolling operations. For example, it is
possible to move the cursor to location 16, print some text there and then issue
a number of Scroll Left instructions (<span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> 1, 24) to slowly scroll the
text onto the display from right to left. If you did so, the DDRAM positions that
were on the left of the screen would now be past the left edge of the screen. For
example:</p><pre class="BScode" xml:space="preserve">
LCDCMD 1, 24
LCDCMD 1, 24
</pre>
<p class="PlainText">...would cause the screen to scroll to the left by two characters. At this point,
the upper-left character in the display would actually be DDRAM location 2 and the
lower-left character would be DDRAM location 66. Locations 0, 1, 64 and 65 would
be off the left edge of the LCD and would no longer be visible. Some interesting
effects can be achieved by taking advantage of this feature.</p>
<p class="PlainText">The 4 x 20 LCD has a strange DDRAM map. The upper-right character is location
19 and the next location, 20, appears as the first character of the third line.
This strange mapping is due to constraints in the LCD controller and the
manufacturers design, and unfortunately makes the scrolling features virtually
useless on the 4 x 20 displays.</p>
<p class="PlainText">Even though the LCD requires many pins to talk to it, only the Enable pin needs
to remain dedicated to the LCD and all the other pins can be multiplexed (shared)
with certain other devices (if wired carefully). In addition, the I/O pin connected
to the LCD's R/W pin is only necessary if the <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDIN</span> command will be used
in the application. If the <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDIN</span> command will not be used, LCD pin 5 (R/W
pin) can be connected to ground and I/O pin 2 (shown above) may be left disconnected.
I/O pin 2 will still be set to output mode for each <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDCMD</span> and <span class="keyword_in_text">LCDOUT</span>command executed, however.</p>
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